Timbre-invariant Audio Features for Style Analysis of Classical Music

We propose a novel set of chroma-based audio features inspired by pitch class set theory and show their utility for style analysis of classical music by using them to classify recordings into historical periods. Musicologists have long studied how composers’ styles develop and influence each other, but usually based on manual analyses of the score or, more recently, automatic analyses on symbolic data, both largely independent from timbre. Here, we investigate whether such musical style analyses can be realised using audio features. Based on chroma, our features describe the use of intervals and triads on multiple time scales. To test the efficacy of this approach we use a 1600 track balanced corpus that covers the Baroque, Classical, Romantic and Modern eras, and calculate features based on four different chroma extractors and several parameter configurations. Using Linear Discriminant Analysis, our features allow for a visual separation of the four eras that is invariant to timbre. Classification using Support Vector Machines shows that a high era classification accuracy can be achieved despite strong timbral variation (piano vs. orchestra) within eras. Under the optimal parameter configuration, the classifier achieves accuracies of 82.5%.